Kehribar nedir? Kehribar taşının özellikleri
Kehribar, çamgiller (Pinaceae) familyasından, bir çam türü olan Pinus succinifera ağaçlarının fosilleşmiş reçinesidir. Toplumlarda bazı süs eşya yapımında kullanılan açık sarıdan kızıla kadar çeşitli renklerde yarı saydam, kolay kırılabilen ve bir yere gömüldüğü zaman ufak cisimleri kendine çekme özelliği kazanan bir fosildir. Baltık Denizi'nden (Rusya, Polonya) çıkarılan kehribar, yüzyıllardan beri kadınların süs eşyalarından en gözde sayılan taşlardan biri olarak benimsenmiştir. Parlaklık ve renk açısından onu hiçbir saydam taş ile kıyaslamak mümkün değildir. Kehribara yapışan fosilleşmiş böcekler, yabani bitkilerin fazla oluşu, diğer taşlarda görülmeyen önemli özelliklerdendir.
Dünya kehribar yataklarının %90'ı Rusya'nın Kaliningrad Bölgesinde bulunmaktadır. Avrupa'da kehribar yatakları en çok Rusya, Ukrayna, Romanya, İsveç, İngiltere, Hollanda ve Sicilya'da görülmektedir. Kehribar ortalama 25 ile 40 m arasında değişen bir derinlikte ve eski devirlerde meydana gelen denizaltı çökeltilerinin iki tabakası arasında damarlar şeklinde bulunmaktadır. Buna mavi toprak denilmektedir. Bu kehribarın ikinci vatanıdır. Birinci vatanı ise bugünkü İskandinav ve Polonya Baltık Denizi'nin büyük bir kısmını içine alan sahalardır. Buralarda bir zamanlar büyük ormanların bulunduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Kıtalar arasındaki büyük değişikliklerin sonucunda bu bölgeler sular altında kalmış ve uzun seneler sonucu toplanan çam sakızı kütleleri deniz suyuyla sürüklenip gitmişti. Bunlar üzerine kum ve çakıl taşlarının kaplanması ile mavi toprak olarak bilinen tabaka hasıl olmuştur. Yapılan tetkikler sonucunda ilim adamlarının verdikleri kararlardır.
Çok beğenilen bu süs eşyası yanında, kullanılan taşın içindeki böcek, yaprak ve çiçek kalıntıları hiçbir zaman bozulmayacak şekilde mumyalanmıştır. Bunlar eski devirler hakkında aydınlatıcı bilgilerin edinilmesine yardımcı olmaktadır. Kehribarda deterpenik reçine asitleri, rezenler ve biraz uçucu yağ bulunur.
Kehribardan çeşitli kadın eşyaları yanında, tespih ve ağızlık da yapılmaktadır. Eskiden uyarıcı ve antispazmodik olarak da kullanılırdı. Bugün ilaç olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye'de kehribar genellikle gösterişli tespih yapımında kullanılmaktadır.
KEHRİBAR KULLANIM ALANLARI
Eskiden tıpta şöhrete ve epeyce kullanım alanına sahip olan amber bugün bu amaçla kullanılmaz. Geçmişte saflaştırılmış amber yağı isteri ve boğmacada kullanılmıştır. Aynı zamanda ilkçağdan bu yana güzel koku imalatında da kullanılmıştır. Amber, Anadolu'da da yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Amber mürekkep imalatında da kullanılmaktadır. Kehribar olarak da bilinmekte ve takı yapımında sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır.
Antik Romada çeşitli hastalıklara karşı (akıl hastalıkları) koruyucu olarak kullanılmıştır. Kehribar tozu ile bal karışımının boğaz, kulak ve göz rahatsızlıkları için, suyla içilen kehribar tozunun ise mide hastalıklarına iyi geldiği düşünülmekteydi. Türk bilim adamı İbni Sina, kehribarı birçok hastalığa ilaç olarak niteliyordu. Doğu ülkelerindeki inanışa göre, kehribar dumanı ruhu güçlendiriyor ve cesaret veriyordu.
Çin'de, succinic asit ve haşhaşdan yapılan şurup sakinleştirici ve ağrı kesici olarak kullanılıyordu. Orta Çağ'da, sarılığın iyileştirilmesi için kehribar taneleri taşınırdı. Vücut zayıflığına ve cildin sağlıksız rengine bu sarı taşın sihirli güçlerinin engel olacağına inanılıyordu. Doğumu çabuklaştırdığı, yılan ısırmalarına, diş ağrısına, romatizmaya çare olduğu düşünülüyordu. Oleum Succini (Kehribar yağı), balsamum succini (Kehribar balzamı), extractum succini (Kehribar ekstresi) o dönemlerde reçetelerde sık sık kullanılmıştır. Prusyalılarda böbrek taşı rahatsızlıkları için kehribar reçetelerini kullanmışlardır.
Litvanya'da ölen kişinin ardından kehribar tütsü yakılarak, şeytani ruhların bedenden uzaklaşmasına ve iyi ruhların çağrılmasına çalışılırdı. Yeni doğan bebeklerin ise tütsülenerek hızlı büyüyüp yetişmesine, yeni evlilerin ise mutlu yaşayıp, savaşa giden erkeklerin zaferle dönmelerinin sağlanmasına çalışılırdı. I. Dünya Savaşı'na kadar kehribar hala bazı hastalıkların tedavisinde kullanılmaktaydı. Votka ve kehribar parçalarından yapılan karışımın erkeklerde cinsel gücü arttırdığına inanılıyordu. II. Dünya Savaşı'na kadar, özellikle Almanya'da kehribar tesbihler bebeklerin üzerine konularak, dişlerinin acısız ve güçlü çıkması sağlanmaya çalışılırdı. Bugün Litvanya'da hala birçok kadın, parlatılmamış kehribardan yapılmış kolyelerle guatrdan korunmaya çalışırlar.
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